Originally published in 1950,Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development outlined eight stages that Erik Erikson people who are healthy go through. Each stage brings about a crisis which either strengthens or damages personality. This theory is based upon Freud’s psychosexual stages,and includes influences from social. The theory has been criticized for its generalisations but it has remained an integral part of mental thinking. It also has been helpful in reconceptualizing the way we think of middle and late adulthood as a time of personal development,rather than a period to be survived.
The initial stage,called infancy lasts from birth up to about 18 months. In this stage infants are dependent on their caregivers. They gain trust through seeing their caregivers’ reactions to their needs,like feeding and providing comfort. The care they receive during this period will be a lasting influence for their confidence and their self-esteem.
The toddlerhood stage is the second in Erikson’s psychosocial development theory and takes place between 18 months and 2 years. The child is developing their independence during this stage,and the success or failure of this stage has a major impact on their growth and development as well as their personality. If a child fails to overcome the feelings of shame or doubt during this stage,they’ll remain in a battle with these feelings throughout their lives. If the child can successfully complete this stage,they can form intimate relationships in later years.
The third stage of Erikson’s model is preschool that takes place between the ages of 3 and 5. At this stage,children are learning to socialize with others and establish a strong sense of self-belief. Teachers and parents must foster positive interactions with children at this age. Positive interactions aid in foster independence in the child,while also providing guidance and encouragement to their efforts. Negative actions,like negativity or indifference,could affect a child’s confidence as well as self-esteem.
The fourth phase of Erikson’s theory is elementary school,which occurs between the ages of 6 and 12. It is at this point that a child starts to feel pressured by being accepted by other people including peers and teachers. This is also the stage when a child begins to develop their sense of accomplishment and their capacity to set objectives and goals. Children that are praised for their work and encouraged by their teachers will gain confidence and avoid the need to compare themselves to others.
As they reach middle age the majority of people think about their mortality. There is also the sting of regret from things they didn’t do or didn’t take part in. A person who can overcome the issues of this phase will likely have a fulfilling and wealthy retirement. However,if they don’t address these issues in time,they may face the onset of a midlife crisis,which could create serious mental health issues.